I. OBJECTIVES:

A. Be able to recognize and identify representative plants, fungi, and plant-like protists and monerans from the various kingdoms, divisions, and major classes.
B. Know the classification of representative taxa from these groups.
C. Know the major anatomical and structural features of these organisms.
D. Know life cycles of representatives of the various taxa, especially forms significant to man.
E. Know the characteristics of the kingdoms, divisions, and selected lower taxa.
F. Become acquainted with the natural history, ecological interactions and economic importance of the various groups.

II. COURSE DESCRIPTION: (4 Hours)

III. TEXTBOOKS:

IV. LABORATORY:

V. GRADING:

There will be three unit tests, which will be announced during the course. At least a week's notice will be given. Each test will carry a value of 200 points. Permission to make up a missed test will be given only in cases of a medical emergency, supported by a written statement from a qualified medical person, or in the case of death or major calamity occurring in the immediate family. In such cases, the instructor should be notified prior to test time. A student is expected to make up the test on the first day of return to classes. Penalties may be assessed if delays occur in the makeup of the test.

The final is cumulative - covering all material for the semester. It is worth 400 points.

These points give a possible 1200 points for the lecture portion of the course.

Lab points are determined from quizzes, and lab writeups-- about 40 points per quiz, and 160 points per lab. This accounts for 2/3 of the lab grade. The remaining third is determined by the lab practical. The total lab percentage accounts for 25% of the total grade.

    A - 90%
    B - 80%
    C - 70%
    D - 60%

The teacher reserves the right to modify this scale as is seen fit to reflect a representative grade assignment. Under no circumstances, however, will the scale be raised - hence if a student reaches a particular minimum score, e.g. 80%, he can be certain of the grade, B. However, a score below a particular minimum, e.g. 78%, may end up as a B, if the teacher feels it is necessary to lower the scale.

Thus a combination of percentage and "grading on the curve" is used to determine the final grade.
 

VI. Attendance policy.

VII. Miscellaneous:

Students carrying cell phones MUST turn them off during class. The ringing and answering of cell phones, or leaving during class to answers cell phones, will not be permitted.
 

VIII. Class Outline:

Part 2. Cyanophyta
    I. Characteristics
        A. External Morphology
        B. Motion
        C. Pigments
        D. Cytology
        E. Food Reserves
    II. Reproduction
        A. Fragmentation of Colonies
        B. Spores
            1. Akinete
            2. Sporangiospores
        C. Other Structures
            1. Heterocysts
            2. Separation Discs
    III. Nitrogen fixation
    IV. Carbonate deposition
    V. Thermal algae
    VI. Representative genera
        A. Gloeocapsa
        B. Merismopedia
        C. Oscillatoria
        D. Nostoc
        E. Anabaena
        F. Gloeotrichia
        G. Rivularia
    VIII. Economic importance

Part 3. Chlorophyta
    I. Distribution
    II. Structure
        A. General morphology
        B. Cell wall
        C. Nucleus
        D. Chloroplasts and Food Reserves
        E. Flagellae
    III. Reproduction
        A. Spores
        B. Sexual Cycle
    IV. Representative Genera
        A. Chlamydomonas
        B. Volvox
        C. Ulothrix
        D. Pleurococcus = (Protococcus)
        E. Spirogyra
        F. Oedogonium
        G. Ulva
        H. Acetabularia

Part 4. Charophyta

    I. Chara and Nitella

Part 5. Euglenophyta

    I. Structure
    II. Nutrition
    III. Food reserves
    IV. Reproduction
    V. Euglena

Part 6. Pyrrophyta

    I. Characteristics
        A. Form
        B. Nuclear features
        C. Pigments
        D. Flagellae
        E. Food reserves
        F. Reproduction
    II. Dinophyceae

Part 7. Chrysophyta

    I. Chrysophyceae
        A. Pigments
        B. Food reserves
        C. Cell wall
        D. Flagellae
        E. Reproduction
        F. Economic significance

    II. Bacillariophyceae
        A. Distribution
        B. Food reserves
        C. Structure
        D. Reproduction
        E. Economic importance
            1. Plankton
            2. Diatomaceous earth

   III. Xanthophyceae
        A. Characteristics
            1. Pigments
            2. Cell wall
            3. Food reserves
        B. Example -- {Vaucharia}

Part 8. Phaeophyta

    I. Characteristics
        A. Form
        B. Cell wall
        C. Flagellae
        D. Pigments
        E. Food reserves
    II. Distribution
    III. Structure
        A. Size
        B. Cell wall
        C. Chloroplasts
        D. Tissues
    IV. Life cycle--general
    V. Representative genera
        A. Ectocarpus
        B. Laminaria
        C. Macrocystis
        D. Fucus
        E. Sargassum
    VI. Economic importance
        A. Fertilizer
        B. Minerals
        C. Food
        D. Algin

Part 9. Rhodophyta

    I. Characteristics
        A. Form
        B. Reproduction
        C. Cell wall
        D. Pigments
        E. Food reserves
    II. Distribution
    III. Life cycle
    IV. Representative genera
        A. Porphyra
        B. Nemalion
        C. Polysiphonia
        D. Coralline algae
    V. Economic importance
        A. Agar
        B. Carrageenin
        C. Food source
        D. Reef formation

Part 10. Introduction to the Fungi

    I. Characteristics
        A. Cellular structure
        B. Lack of chlorophyll
        C. Form
        D. Cell walls
        E. Life style
    II. Classification

Part 11. Eumycota

    I. Chytridiomycetes
        A. Structure
        B. Examples
            1. Rhizophydium
            2. Olpidium
                3. Allomyces
    II. Oomycetes
        A. Saprolegnia
            1. Asexual Reproduction
            2. Sexual Reproduction
        B. Downy mildews
            1. Phytophthora infestans
            2. Plasmopara viticola
            3. Albugo spp
    III. Zygomycetes
        A. Rhizopus stolonifera
            1. Asexual Reproduction
            2. Sexual Reproduction
        B. Pilobolus
        C. Entomophthora muscae
    IV. Ascomycetes
        A. Introduction
        B. Asexual Reproduction
        C. Sexual Reproduction
        D. Typical Ascomycetes
            1. Yeasts
                a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
                b. Schizosaccharomyces
                c. Saccharomycodes
            2. Taphrina deformans
            3. Powdery mildews
                a. Erysiphe spp.
                b. Sphaerotheca
                c. Microsphaera
            4. Endothia parasitica
            5. Ceratocystis ulmi
            6. Penicillium and Aspergillus
            7. Monilinia fructicola
            8. Claviceps purpurea
            9. Neurospora
            10. Peziza
            11. Tuber
            12. Morchella
            13. Venturia inaequalis
    V. Basidiomycetes
        A. Sexual Reproduction
        B. Representative Forms
            1. Agaricus
            2. Amanita
            3. Boletus, and Polyporus
            4. Lycoperdon
            5. Cyathus
            6. Clavaria
            7. Geastrum
            8. Rusts
                a. Heteroecious
                    i. Puccinia graminis
                    ii. White pine blister rust
                    iii. Apple-cedar rust
                b. Autoecious
                    i. Hollyhock rust
                    ii. Asparagus rust
            9. Smuts
                a. Ustilago zeae (= maydis}
                b. Ustilago tritici
                c. Ustilago avenae
                d. Tilletia tritici
            10. Exidea glandulosa
    VI. Deuteromycetes
        A. Trichophyton interdigitale and Epidermophyton
        B. Ringworms
        C. Dactylella and Arthrobotrys
        D. Candida albicans
        E. Blastomyces
        F. Histoplasma
        G. Verticillium
        H. Fusarium
        I. Form genera

Part 12. Myxomycota

    I. Introduction
    II. Classes
        A. Labyrinthulomycetes
        B. Myxomycetes
        C. Acrasiomycetes
    III. Myxomycetes
        A. Habitat and importance
        B. Life history
            1. Plasmodium
            2. Sporulation
            3. Swarm cells and myxamoebae
    IV. Acrasiomycetes
        A. Life cycle
            1. Amoebae
            2. Aggregation
            3. Pseudoplasmodium
            4. Sorocarp

Part 12. Lichens

    I. Definition
    II. Growth forms
        A. Crustose
        B. Foliose
        C. Fruiticose
    III. Structure
        A. Upper cortex
        B. Algal layer
        C. Medulla
        D. Lower cortex
        E. Rhizines
    IV. Reproduction
        A. Fragmentation
        B. Soredia
        C. Isidia
        D. Phycobiont & Mycobiont independently
        E. Apothecia
    V. Significance of Lichens

Part 14. Bryophyta

    I. Characteristics
    II. General life history
    III. Hepatacae
        A. Riccia
            1. Gametophyte
                a. Antheridia
                b. Archegonia
            2. Sporophyte
        B. Marchantia
            1. Gametophyte
                a. Asexual reproduction
                    i. Fragmentation
                    ii. Gemmae
                b. Sexual reproduction
            2. Sporophyte
    IV. Anthocerotae
        A. Gametophyte
        B. Sporophyte
    V. Musci
        A. Gametophyte
            1. Sexual reproduction
        B. Sporophyte

Part 15. Psilophyta

    I. Sporophyte
    II. Gametophyte

Part 16. Lycophyta

    I. Lycopodium
        A. Mature sporophyte
        B. Reproduction
            1. Gametophyte
            2. Sporophyte embryo
            3. Bulbils
    II. Selaginella
        A. Mature Sporophyte
        B. Reproduction
            1. Female gametophyte
            2. Male gametophyte
            3. Embryo sporophyte
                a. Foot
                b. Root primordium
                c. 2 embryonic leaves
                d. Shoot apex
    III. Isoetes
    IV. Lepidodendron
 
Part 17. Arthrophyta

    I. Mature Sporophyte
    II. Reproduction
        A. Spore production
        B. Gametophyte
 
Part 18. Filicophyta

    I. Introduction
    II. Taxonomy
    III. Mature sporophyte
    IV. Reproduction
        A. Vegetative
        B. Asexual
            1. Sporophyte
        C. Sexual
            1. Gametophyte

Part 19. Gymnosperms: Miscellaneous

    I. Introduction
    II. Cycadophyta
    III. Ginkgophyta
    IV. Gnetophyta

Part 20. Coniferophyta

    I. Introduction
    II. Life history
        A. Staminate cone
        B. Ovulate cone
        C. Female gametophyte
        D. Pollination
        E. Male gametophyte
        F. Fertilization
        G. Embryo
        H. Representatives
            1. Pinaceae
                a. Pinus
                b. Abies
                c. Picea
                d. Tsuga
                e. Pseudotsuga
                f. Juniperus
                g. Larix
            2. Taxaceae
                a. Taxus
                b. Sequoiadendron
                c. Sequoia
 
Part 21. Angiospermae

    I. Introduction
    II. General Characteristics
        A. Double Fertilization
        B. Carpel and Fruit
        C. Flower - general
        D. Other features
    III. Taxonomy
    IV. Variations in Floral Structure
        A. Presence or Absence of Parts
            1. Complete versus incomplete
            2. Perfect versus imperfect
        B. Ovary position
            1. Superior ovary
                a. Hypogynous
                b. Perigynous
            2. Inferior ovary
                a. Epigynous
        C. Fusion of Parts
            1. Synsepaly
            2. Sympetaly
            3. Synandry
            4. Syncarpy
        D. Adnation
        E. Symmetry
            1. Actinomorphy
            2. Zygomorphy
        F. Placentation
            1. Parietal
            2. Axile
            3. Free central
        G. Inflorescences
            1. Raceme
            2. Head
            3. Catkin
            4. Spike
            5. Panicle
            6. Umbel
            7. Determinate versus indeterminate
    V. Life cycle
        A. Male portions
            1. Stamen
            2. Microspores and pollen grains
            3. Pollination
                a. Insect agents
                b. Wind
                c. Vertebrate agents
                d. Water
            4. Maturation of the male gametophyte
        B. Female portions
            1. Ovule - structure and development
            2. Syngamy and embryogeny
    VI. Fruits - structure
    VII. Fruits - types
        A. Dry indehiscent fruits
            1. Achene
            2. Caryopsis
            3. Nut
            4. Samara
        B. Dry dehiscent fruits
            1. Follicle
            2. Legume
            3. Capsule
        C. Fleshy fruits
            1. Drupe
            2. Berry
            3. Pome
        D. Multiple fruits
        E. Aggregate fruits
        F. Accessory fruits
    VIII. Fruit and Seed Dispersal
        A. Animal agents
            1. Edible seeds
            2. Adhering seeds
        B. Wind distribution
            1. Wings & plumes
            2. Other devices
        C. Water
        D. Mechanical devices
    IX. Important plant families
        A. Magnoliaceae
        B. Rananculaceae
        C. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
        D. Malvaceae
        E. Solenaceae
        F. Salicaceae
        G. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
        H. Rosaceae
        I. Cucurbitaceae
        J. Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
        K. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
        L. Asteraceae (Compositae)
        M. Liliaceae
        N. Poaceae (Graminae)
        O. Iridaceae
        P. Orchidaceae
 
Part 22. Schizomycetes

    I. Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes
        A. Protoplasm
        B. Membranes
        C. Cell division
        D. Nucleus
        E. Sexual processes
        F. Flagellae
        G. Nitrogen uses